Clinical Masterclass: Cardiovascular Dynamics

The human circulatory system functions as a closed hydrostatic transport loop driven by the muscular pumping of the heart.

• Systemic Circulation: Supplies oxygenated blood from the left ventricle to peripheral organs and tissues.
• Pulmonary Circulation: Transports deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle to the pulmonary capillaries for alveolar gas exchange.

Cardiac Output Equation

Cardiac Output (CO) = Stroke Volume (SV) × Heart Rate (HR). Normal resting range: 4.5 – 5.5 L/min.